Ecliptic Times Chapter 31 Study Guide

Thanks to me and Justin.

Just dance!

1. World War II officially began on September 1, 1939, with the German invasion of Poland.

2. The Axis power countries were Germany, Italy, and Japan.

3. After 1937, highly militarist, ultranationalist groups had taken over, and many young army officers such as Tojo Hideki took growing power.

4. The Japanese marched into Machuria in 1931.

5. The National Socialist Party, or the Nazis, promised to put the Germans back to work, restore political stability, and remilitarize Germany in order to turn back the unfair treaties of Versailles. It was led by Adolf Hitler.

6. Hitler promised the German people that they would be put back into work, to restore political stability, to set in motion a remilitarization program, and to turn back the Communist bid.

7. Hitler rose to power in 1933 by legal election, due to having the largest portion of votes.

8. Benito Mussolini was the fascist leader of Italy who created a new Italy based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories.

9. Germany and Italy helped out Franco and the fascists towards victory, while the USSR helped the losing republicans.

10. The capital of the Chinese nationalists, before they were forced to evacuate becuase of the Japanese, was Nanjing.

11. The Tripartite Pact was a pact signed in Berlin on Sept. 27, 1940, that established the Axis powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan.

12. Hitler signed the non-aggression pact with the USSR so he could focus on fighting a one-front war and to buy time to prepare to attack Russia.

13. The German invasion of Poland put an end to appeasement.

14. Blitzkrieg was the Nazi tactic of lightning warfare, with incredibly fast movement of troops to overwhelm the enemy. / The German Blitzkrieg tactic, known as “lightning war”, was the quick mobilization of troops, tanks, and aircraft into enemy territory in order to defeat them with the upper hand. Also, it gave the name for an awesome song!

15. In early 1940, the Dutch port of Rotterdam was leveled by Nazi bombers, killing over 40,000 civilians.

16. France fell to the Germans because of Nazi blitzkrieg and because of the divided and weak leadership of the French govt.

17. The Vichy government was a puppet government of the Nazis located in southern France that constantly fought against the rebelling north.

18. The British were victorious in the Battle of Britain due to Winston Churchill, innovative air tactics, invention of radar, and the bravery and courage of Britain's people.

19. Hitler targeted the Jews for the final solution; genocide was decided in February 1942, and over 6 million were killed.

20. Wannsee is important becuase it where was the Nazi's held the conference to determine the answer to the "Jewish problem". They decided extermination was the answer. This led to the Holocaust.

21. The Nazis killed as many as 12 million people in the Holocaust, about half of which were Jews.

22. The Allies launched their European invasion on the beaches of Normandy.

23. The Battle of the Bulge took place in the winter of 1944-1945. It was Hitler’s last-ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies.

24. Pearl Harbor was where the Japanese bombed the Americans on December 7, 1941. It entered America into the war.

25. Japanese troops had taken and imposed colonial regimes on many of the Southeast Asian islands. Over time, resistance grew, and Japanese soldiers and supplies were spent in this section. Throughout the fighting, the islands banded together and became the nation of Indonesia.

26. Midway Island was where the US won a decisive victory over a Japanese carrier force in June. They gained the upper hand, and could then start attacking the Japanese islands.

27. American General Curtis Le May, who was in charge of aerial operations, declared mass bombings of Japanese cities in March 1945. In Tokyo, 125,000 were killed, and 40% of the city was destroyed.

28. During the war, the European theater was the largest and most costly front, with the most lives lost and the most physical destruction. In the USSR, the Soviet Union and the Germans clashed in incredibly big battles. In addition, the Nazis did battle with the Allies in North Africa, northern France, and the Low Countries.

29. After the Soviet invasion, Germany was defeated. More specifically… in 1943, the Red army began offensively moving on German borders. Vy late 1944, they had cleared the USSR of Nazis, as well as captured Poland and many Balkan states. In late April of 1945, the Red army poured in from the East, meeting American troops in their victorious battle.

30. Japan's surrender in the war was precipitated by the atomic bombs in Hiroshima, then Nagasaki.

31. The three conferences held to discuss the future of Europe were the Tehran Conference of 1944, the Yalta Conference of 1945, and the Potsdam Conference in July of the same year.

32. The main result of the peace treaties was the formation of the UN, which moved power away from the West, involved most nations, and provided a forum for international debates.

33. The United Nations was instituted after World War II, adding in many new nations and giving more opinions throughout the world.

34. The Axis powers did not become charter members. The charter members were the US, the Soviet Union, Britain, and France.

35. Zionism was the name for the movement concerning Jews in Palestine that wanted more Jews in war-torn areas to immigrate, and often violently fought against the Arabs.

36. Apartheid is the policy of strict racial imposed in South Africa to continue the domination of whites.

37. White settlers were able to retain their position of white supremacy in South Africa.

38. Algerian independence was longer and more vicious than in Kenya. 1 million white settlers. Decades after WWII, sporadic rioting grew into guerrilla resistance. By the mid 1950s, the National Liberation Front was formed; full-scale revolt against French. Gradually negotiated independence after 1958, but fighting continues with the Secret Army Organiztion in 1960, composed of settlers. In the end, they won independence in 1962.

39. Jomo Kenyatta was the leader of the Kenya African Union, the leading nationalist party of Kenya. He took party control in 1963 and maintained stability until the 1980s.

40. The process of decolonization was the most vicious in settler colonies, due to the large amount of resistance from whites.

41. By 1960, most of the European colonization of black Africa had come to an end.

42. Kwame Nkrumah was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism, and the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966. Launched the process of decolonization.

43. The Asian nations that gained independence without violence were Burma and Ceylon and Philippines.

44. The solution to the division in 1947 between Muslims and Hindus was the creation of Pakistan.

45. The Indian nationalist party the British were most allied with was the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

46.The Indian Congress Party, as well as some nationalist leaders, first spoke out against British rejections, and started the Quit India movement in 1942. They were met with heavy repression and jailing of key figures.

47. The Jewish homeland was declared in Palestine.

48. The Atlantic Charter of 1941 was an alliance between the US and Great Britain, in which declared the “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live.”

49. Following WWII, the European nations that lost their independence were Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. However, many independent European nations created after 1918 fell under Soviet domination.

Ecliptic Times Chapter 30 Study Guide

Chapter 30 Review

This one all thanks to Justin Vu, edited by me

1. Many governmental actions taken in 1929 with the onset of depression revolved around the establishment of fascism, police states, and authoritarian/totalitarian power. Liberalism and its movements weakened during this time.
2. The Great Depression was triggered by new problems in industrial means and long term economic weakness/dependency in many countries.
3. Before the Great Depression, there had been a recession due to the aftermath of WWI from 1918 to 1923.
4. The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression was the increase of government spending and new levels of social insurance to protect against illness and unemployment. These were directed by moderate socialist parties and foreshadowed the welfare state.
5. The world’s first TV industry took hold in southern England.
6. Prior to WWII, Hitler forced the Jews to wear special emblems, seized their property and belongings, and threw them into concentration camps.
7. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935.
8. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plan was known as the “New Deal”.
9. The Popular Front in France was a mix of liberals, socialists, and communists in a party formed in 1936. It won the election, but was unable to enact strong social reform or foreign policies, and ultimately failed in 1938 after a losing attempt to aid liberals in Spain.
10. Factors that led to the development of fascism in Germany included the weakness of parliamentary democracy, corruption and conflict, the events after the war, and the rise of Adolf Hitler.
11. Anschluss was a long-sought union between Austria and Germany that Hitler proclaimed in 1938. Other nations threatened them but did nothing due to their own weakness.
12. Hitler dismantled Czechslovakia in March 1939 after taking many of the German portions in 1938.
13. Hitler was against the socialists and advocated rule under a single leader, as well as the return of old ways.
14. His government economic planning brought restored production levels, with particular emphasis on armaments construction.
15. The goal of Hitler’s foreign and military policies was to prepare for the advent of war.
16. The results of the 1932 elections in Germany were the Nazis winning the biggest slice of votes, which allowed Hitler to make arrangements in the legal rise to power in 1933.
17. Hitler had instated a totalitarian government that would exercise massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects.
18. The fascist political party in Spain that backed Franco was called the Falange. He was also supported by conservative landowners and Catholic leaders.
19. The downfall of the first Peronist government in 1955 was the loss of control and the opposition presented by democrats, industrialists, and the military. When Perón began a radical campaign against the Catholic church, he was exiled by military officers.
20. The country that did not specialize in the cash crop of coffee in the inter-war years was… well, there were a lot. I’m not sure about this one. The three that did were Colombia, Brazil, and Costa Rica. Perhaps that is a specific question on the test.
21. The political situation in Guatemala was… I have no clue. I couldn’t find this one anywhere.
22. Economists call the spurt of industrial growth experienced in L.A. import substitution industrialization.
23. The cousin of anarchism was syndicalism, the use of organization of labor in order to smash the state.
24. The movement that emphasized the organic nature of society was called corporatism, and used the state as a mediator for different social groups.
25. The co-conspirators in the Argentina military coup of 1929 were nationalists, fascists, and socialists.
26. Juan D. Perón and his wife Evita broadened the base of support in Argentina and were allied with workers, industrialists, and the military.
27. The type of government instituted by Getelio Vargas in Brazil was a new kind of centralized political program, where federal administrators took over the state governments. In 1937, he began an authoritarian regime within the context of nationalism and economic reforms.
28. The popular reformist president of Mexico was Lázaro Cárdenas.
29. The event that brought an end to many liberal governments in L.A. was World War I.
30. The difference between the liberal governments of Latin America and Europe was the fact that the middle class only gained power in conjunction with oligarchies or the military.
31. The movements in L. A. between 1914 and 1930 were a series of general strikes and labor unrest.
32. The role of the middle class in L.A. countries was to maintain political stability through connections with the traditional elite and to suit liberal ideas to the old ways of L.A.
33. The name of the spurt of industrial growth that occurred throughout L.A. was import substitution industrialization. (repeat?)
34. The Kulaks were a minority of wealthy, commercially oriented peasants who liked profit-based market agriculture and were put down by the millions in response to collectivization.
35. Soviet agricultural policy during Stalin’s rule was collectivization, where large state-run farms were set and mechanizing agriculture would be easier.
36. By 1936, the Japanese controlled 3.6% of world trade.
37. The depression in Japan hit hard in 1931, but active government policies eased suffering quickly.
38. The Japanese finance minister responsible for policies during the depression was Korekiyo Takahashi.
39. The Japanese government during the 1920s and 1930s began as an authoritarian state, but was soon taken over by the military in 1932. Another coup was attempted in 1936 but failed, but continued a line of militaristic prime ministers.
40. The leading military figure in the Japanese government following the failed coup in 1936 was Tojo Hideki.
41. The territories conquered by the Japanese at the end of 1938 were Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (Formosa).
42. Stalin’s agricultural policies were collectivization, and the results ended in the mixed response of peasants, as well as an adequate but not great source of food and morale.
43. The name of Stalin’s system of economic planning was the five-year plan.
44. The name of the top committee of the Communist Party was the Politburo, but they had little actual power.
45. Socialist Realism was the dominant school of art, focusing on the heroic idealization of workers, soldiers, and peasants.
46. Consumer goods production was slighted in the process of industrialization, which focused on heavy industry.
47. Kemal Ataturk led the independent nation of Turkey.
48. Persia became the modern country of Iran in 1935.

Ecliptic Times Chapter 30 Agenda

Monday - March 5, 2010

1. Test + Packets
2. Outline due Thursday – Ch. 29 – “The World in the 1920’s – Challenge to European Dominance” p. 701-724
3. BRING PRACTICE BOOKS TOMORROW!!
4. Hearing Tests Tomorrow – all 10^th grade!

Tuesday - March 6, 2010

1. Hearing Tests – fill out forms (2^nd period relevance?)

- alphabetize yourselves

2. Practice Books / Practice DBQ tomorrow
3. BRING PRACTICE BOOKS – TODAY
4. Hearing Tests TODAY à all 10^th grade!

Wednesday - March 7, 2010

1. DBQ Practice – 40 min. (Use rubric)

Turn to p. 286 at 8:05 (2^nd period relevance)

2. Outlines – Ch. 29 – due tomorrow!
3. In Depth – Due Monday – “A Century of Revolutions” (3 ques.) – p.718

Thursday - March 8, 2010

1. Peer review – score each other’s essays
2. Notes – Ch. 29
3. BRING BOOKS TOMORROW!

- review

- review book – p. 258 / Answers p. 306

- Cover Sheet (your own)

Friday - March 9, 2010

1. REVIEW – Ch. 29 – Test Packets à Monday
2. Review Sheets
3. Review Book – p. 258 / Answers p. 306
4. Cover Sheet (your own)

Monday - March 15, 2010

1. Test + Packet
2. Due Thursday – Outline – Ch. 30 3/18

“The Great Depression & the Authoritarian Response” – p. 727-747

3. CAHSEE – Tues. – (16^th) – ELA

– Wed. – (17^th) – MATH

Tuesday - March 16, 2010

CAHSEE Testing!

Wednesday - March 17, 2010

CAHSEE Testing!

Thursday - March 18, 2010

1. Outlines due Today!
2. Due Monday - *

In Depth – p. 733 – ques. – p. 734 (4 ques.)

3. Document – “Socialist Realism” – p. 745-746 (5 ques.)

* à Bring Books Tomorrow! (Fri)

Friday - March 19, 2010

1. Review

- Books – p. 263

- Answers – p. 306

2. Copy Packet cover sheet
3. Period 2 – Video – “Depression…”
4. READ, READ, READ!!!!

This Weekend!!!

Ecliptic Times Chapter 29 Study Guide

At least for me there's some formatting issues,
(I blame notepad) so you can always copy paste it to a word
document or go here.


1. In the mid 1920s, relationships with the West were much more varied. Europe had been thrown into disarray due to the war, but had partially recovered. The general attitude of the time was one of stability and optimism.
2. The Kellog-Briand pact was the outlaw of war in 1928.
3. Internal political conflicts were pockmarked with much more extremist positions in both the left and right sides. The parliament was weakened as a result of these radical groups.
4. The Roaring 20s were a period of stability, even optimism, with clamed internal politics and economic prosperity.
5. Germany, the United States, and Britain granted women suffrage after World War I.
6. After the revolution, nationalism and indigenism were rampant, with the muralist movement and the formation of the PRI
7. The Cristeros were conservative peasants in Mexico that fought for the Church during the new reforms.
8. Indigenism is the concern for the indigenous peoples and their contributions to Mexican culture.
9. The reforms of the Mexican constitution of 1917 promised huge land reforms, large educational reforms, limited foreign ownership, and guaranteed worker's rights. The state did NOT take over Catholic church property. The church kept its land.
10. 40 million acres of communal holdings distributed in Mexico after the land reforms were enacted
11. Alvaro Obregon was an able general of the Mexican Revolution.His use of new European technologies and strategies allowed him to take power in Mexico in 1915.
12. The primary goal of Zapata's forces was land reform.
13. Francisco Madero was an elite of the Mexican state and ran against Porfirio Díaz's regime. He was thrown into jail, and the event began the revolution. Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata were both leaders of men who revolted against the old government and tried to take the new one. Villa led many cowboys and ranchers. Zapata wanted land reforms and led a peasant rebellion in Morelos.
14. The first politician to challange the Mex. govt. in 1910 was Francisco Madero.
15. Porfirio Díaz was the president of Mexico from 1876-1910, and ran a corrupt government that led up to the events of the Mexican Revolution.
16. The Mex. rev. began in 1910
17. At the end of the First World War, the United States emerged as the dominant foreign power in Latin America.
18. L. America affected by WWI: Disrupted traditional markets. Mex. Rev: changed govt., culture; lots of things, caused by internal forces.
19. The last Manchu emperor, Puyi, abdicated in 1912.
20. After the fall of the Qing, Mao Zedong and the Communist party were best positioned.
21. Japan was the biggest foreign country to play a role in China from the mid 1890s to 1945.
22. Sun Yat-Sen was the head of the Revolutionary Alliance.
23. After Sun Yat-sen had become president of the new parliamentary government of the Revolutionary Alliance, he passed it on to Yuan Shikai in 1912, thinking that a warlord would be more able to unite China. Yuan began building up his power, and was taken out in 1915 when he almost took over as the next emperor.
24. Japan gained influence in China by seizing German islands in the Pacific.
25. The goal of the May Fourth movement was to get intellectuals and students of china to transform it into a liberal democracy with Western-style reforms. However, this was ineffective against the powerful warlords who wanted power.
26. The Russian Revolution gave the intellectuals new attention towards the success of marxist ideas
27. Li Dazhao was the most influential and the first thinker of the Marxist discussion group at the University of Beijing.
28. Early Chinese Marxist philosophers focused on harnassing the vitality and renew
29. Early Marxist philosophers saw Chinese society in a different way from Marx and Lenin. The entirety of China was the proleteriat, and the bourgeiose was the dominating West.
30. The Guomindang were China's nationalist party.
31. Sun Yat-sen returned in 1919 after being exiled in 1914. He renamed his party to the Guomindang, and returned as leader.
32. By 1924, the nationalist party was allied with the communists, urban businessmen and merchants, and the Bolsheviks
33. Urban businessmen and coastal merchants were some of the biggest supporters of the Nationalist Party. The Bolsheviks of the Soviet Union were also big supporters at the beginning.
34. Chiang Kai-shek was the head of the Wampoa military academy who became the leader of the Guomindang.
35. The Nationalist Party's biggest failure was not dealing with the peasant problems. Sun made many promises that were never fulfilled.
36. Mao was committed to revolutionary solutions that depended on peasant support.
37. After Sun's death Chiang Kai-shek took over as the leader, and began building up power.
38. The new leader of the Nationalist (?) party was Chiang Kai-shek.
39. The communists and the Nationalist Party of China began to fight in 1927, when Chiang Kai-shek began turning his power upon them.
40.The Nat. smashing of the worker's movement caused the Com. party to undertake the Long March to Shanxi.
41. The Long March was headed by Mao Zedong, who led 90,000 followers in 1934 northwest for thousands of miles. They later reached the city of Shanai, which would be their new base.
42. The center of the Communist party was in Shanxi. (I'm guessing that this is after the Long March?)
43. The Russian Revolution first began in the city of St. Petersberg.
44. A soviet is a council of workers who, in Russia, forced the tsar to abdicate.
45. The beginning of the revolutionary government headed by Kerensky was not successful. While many leaders wanted liberal ideals, Russia was not ready for great change. Once Lenin took over, a Council of People's Commissars made up of soviets was created. However, Lenin wanted more power, and got rid of the parliament in favor of a Bolshevik-dominated Congress of Soviets.
46. Kerensky was a Russian Revolutionary leader who was eager to see genuine parliamentary rule. He lost to Stalin, who had him killed.
47. The initial revolutionary government failed in Russia because they were still war weary, and large liberal change was not something they were used to. Peasant unrest continued in many parts.
48. Lenin's Bolsheviks gained control of Russia, and had a Bolshevik monoploy in the name of the people's will.
49. Lenin's solution was a signing of a treaty with Germany that surrendered large parts of Russia's western landmass. However, the treaties at Versailles nullified the Germany treaty, and instead changed most of those lands into independent countries.

Ecliptic Times Volume VI, Issue I

Will be coming tomorrow. Stay tuned!

Ecliptic Times Chapter 28 Agenda

With many thanks to Justin Vu and Lordesa Fok!

Tuesday – February 23, 2010

1. Discuss extra credit
2. Notes – Intro – Ch. 27
3. Read: “Charge of the Light Brigade”

“Emanicipation of the Serfs”

4. Outline (typed) essay – due 2/25
5. Due Thurs – 2/25 – Outline – Ch. 27 – pg. 641-660: “Russia & Japan: Industrialization…”

Wednesday– February 24, 2010

1. Discuss – Saturday test prep dates
2. Notes – Continue
3. Read: Alexander II “Emancipation of the Serfs”
4. Outline (typed) essay – due 2/25
5. Due Thurs – 2/25 – Outline – Ch. 27 – pg. 641-660: “Russia & Japan: Industrialization…”

Thursday – February 25, 2010

1. Check outlines – essays
2. Turn in chapter outlines
3. Continue notes – Japan
4. Doc. – “Conditions for Factory Workers…” p. 647-648 (7 ques.) due Mon.
5. In Depth – “The Separate Paths…” p. 654-655 (3 ques.) due Mon.

Friday – February 26, 2010

1. Peer Review – Essay/Exchange
2. Finish Japan
3. Continue notes – Japan
4. Doc. – “Conditions for Factory Workers…” p. 647-648 (7 ques.) due Mon.
5. In Depth – “The Separate Paths…” p. 654-655 (3 ques.) due Mon.

Monday – March 1, 2010

1. Packet, Essay, Test
2. Due Thursday, 3/4 – Outline Ch. 28 – “Descent into the Abyss: World War I and the Crisis of European Global Order” (p. 671-697)

*Please bring Review Books Tomorrow!

Tuesday – March 2, 2010

1. Review Books – 20 min.
2. Notes – Intro – Ch. 28
3. Due next Monday: 3/8

• Visualizing the Past – p. 676 – (7 ques.)
• Doc. – “Lesson for the Colonized…” p. 685-686 – (3 ques.)
• In Depth – “Women in Nationalist Movements” p. 694-695 – (5 ques.)

Wednesday – March 3, 2010

1. Continue Notes
2. Video + Notes – “The Great War”
3. Outlines – due Tomorrow!

Thursday – March 4, 2010

4. Continue Notes
5. Video + Notes – “The Great War”
6. Turn in outlines

Friday – March 5, 2010

1. Video + Notes – “Paris Peace Treaties”
2. Test + Packets à Monday!

READ TO YOUR PETS!

Ecliptic Times Chapter 28 Study Guide

Odds are Justin Vu, evens are Vanessa Nguyen and me!
Enjoy!

1. The Great War (World War I) lasted from 1914 to 1918.
2. The Triple Entente was composed of Russia, France, and Britain. Its allies were Italy, Portugal, Greece, Serbia, and Romania.
3. France had already claimed Algeria and Tunisia before the early 1900s. A move to annex Morocco came with the threat of war from Germany. In 1911, the French bought Germany off with a concession of territory in central Africa.
4. The European region that produced diplomatic crisis was the Balkans.
5. The countries most involved in the Balkan problems were Austria, Russia, and Serbia. The diplomat that proved most important to the Balkan conflict was Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
6. Colonial scrambles for the remaining areas, large-scale mobilization of many countries, nationalism, and secret alliances.
7. Germany’s rigid timetable first had it attacking France to the West before turning to the slower and more backwards Russia. After Russia’s mobilization, the plan involved storming through neutral Belgium for an all-out assault on France.
8. Russian armies were easily suppressed because they had come late to industrialization, were led by inept generals, and were composed of poor farmers and workers with little training.
9. Women grew in the labor force due to the lack of men back at home. Afterwards, Germany, the U.S, and the U.K. granted them the ability to vote. Leisure such as public smoking grew; there was more political activism and better wages. However, the labor force declined after the war.
10. At the outbreak of the war, only Austria-Hungary did not have colonies.
11. The purpose of German submarine warfare in WWI was to target supply convoys belonging to the British and the United States. One such attack was on the Lusitania in 1915. Not much is actually relayed in the book or site about this.
12. In 1916, the Western Front, trench warfare had killed off millions: 850,000 Germans, 700,000 French, and 400,000 British died in 1916.
13. The combatants on the Italian front were the Austrians and the Italians. The Italians later received British and French support, but Italy had already been thrown into turmoil.
14. 1914-1917 Eastern Front: Russians mobilized quickly, but were no match for the Germans. Nicholas II went to front, caused peasant revolts back home. In other words, Russia failed.
15. This is a very general question, so I will provide a very general answer. Globally, World War I included many countries that were colonized by the European powers or affected by them. The British and the French received enormous support from the White Dominions and major colonies, as well as temporary allies. Millions from many of the many countries died. After the war, the treaties and ideas presented would cause more turmoil, revolutions, and gains for independence.
16. Japan and America both profited, but Japan profited more in Asia from taking the German colonies.
17. The Ottoman Empire had supported the war since the fall of 1915. They helped the Germans in the Middle East successfully and tried to fight in southern Russia, which resulted in defeats. They also targeted the Armenians at the time.
18. The Balfour Declaration was the British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of a British settlement in Palestine in 1917.
19. In 1917, the peasantry of Russia was in major unrest. By February, Tsar Nicholas II was locked up and the Bolsheviks took over in October (November).
20. German forces sued for peace on November 11, 1918 (armistice)
21. The German generals installed a civilian government in Berlin before their defeat, allowing them to shift all the blame over to the new government.
22. The treaties ending the war were signed at Versailles.
23. I’m not sure what the provisions of the final set of treaties were, considering I don’t know what the final ones were. I will assume they were the Treaties of Versailles and of Paris. The Peace of Paris came with no contribution by the Germans. The Germans were not allowed to have anything to do with the treaties. Austria-Hungary was split up, Poland was reborn, and many wartime promises were forgotten.
24. An estimated 10 million died during WWI.
25. The Dinshawai incident was in Egypt during 1906. Some British soldiers had been hunting pigeons when a woman was killed. A riot started, and both sides lost many people. Afterwards, the British Empire stepped in and hung four villagers, and also flogging witnesses. This cause a wave of protest to arise to the foreign threat.
26. The British granted constitution to Egyptian nationalists in 1913.
27. The nationalist movement was much more peaceful in India due to Gandhi and the longer reign Britain had had. Also, Egypt got caught up with the problem of Palestine and the promises made to multiple sides. They had multiple rival parties for nationalism in comparison to the one India had.
28. Sa'd Zaghlul took up the cause of Egyptian national independence and decolonization.
29. British economic reforms mainly benefited foreign merchants, the political elite, a small bourgeoisie, and the ayan of the area.
30. Lord Cromer was the High Commissioner of Egypt after British conquest. He pushed for economic reforms that reduced some of the debt left behind by the khedives. He also pushed for reforms in the bureaucracy, construction of irrigation systems, and miscellaneous public works projects.
31. The two powers that colonized Egypt were the British and the Turks.
32. The Orabi revolt happened in 1882, led by Ahmad Orabi against Turkish influence in the Egyptian army. This revolt forced the khedives to call on the British army.
33. The emergence of nationalism had preceded European conquest in Egypt.
34. The decolonization movement in India was led by Tilak. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided educated Indians with opportunities to vote and serve in the Indian legislative councils.
35. Terrorists in India before WWI were most concentrated in secret societies that attacked British officials and government buildings.
36. The radical wing of the Congress Party proposed the restoration of traditional Hindu religiosity. (Such as opposition of education for women, raising the low marriage age, and turning Hindu festivals into political demonstrations.)
37. The first Indian leader with a genuine mass following was B. G. Tilak.
38. A large portion of the Indian government budget went to maintaining the large British army and to pay the salaries of British administrators.
39.By the late 19^th century, the Indian National Congress often appealed to elite centric issues early on, but later tried to get more Indians to join the nationalist cause.
40. The early Indian National Congress Party were more like study clubs; it was formed in 1885 and many British officials felt it would be a sort of forum where educated Indians could have their opinions heard, thus ending potential discontent and political protest.
41. Western educated Indians formed the Indian National Congress party in 1885.
42. World War I showed the colonies that the Western powers, who claimed to be able to rule the world, were uncivilized and were slaughtered in the barbaric trench stalemate of the Western front. Many times when British and French officers were recalled from the colonies, it put many Asian/African administrators in their post. Thus, they enjoyed true responsibility for the first time since their colonization.
43. Factors that made the colonial regimes vulnerable to internal challenges were the slaughter of the war, the betrayal of many war promises, and that doubt that European society dominated the rest of the world.
44. Most educated Africans were loyal to their British overlords. However, tensions started to arise when African villagers were forcibly conscripted, and farmers suffered from shipping shortages. African villagers refused to go hungry because their crops went to feeding the armies of their allies. Unkept promises by the British and French for reforms led to outbreaks of strikes and in some parts, even outright rebellion.