Ecliptic Times Chapter 28 Study Guide

Odds are Justin Vu, evens are Vanessa Nguyen and me!
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1. The Great War (World War I) lasted from 1914 to 1918.
2. The Triple Entente was composed of Russia, France, and Britain. Its allies were Italy, Portugal, Greece, Serbia, and Romania.
3. France had already claimed Algeria and Tunisia before the early 1900s. A move to annex Morocco came with the threat of war from Germany. In 1911, the French bought Germany off with a concession of territory in central Africa.
4. The European region that produced diplomatic crisis was the Balkans.
5. The countries most involved in the Balkan problems were Austria, Russia, and Serbia. The diplomat that proved most important to the Balkan conflict was Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.
6. Colonial scrambles for the remaining areas, large-scale mobilization of many countries, nationalism, and secret alliances.
7. Germany’s rigid timetable first had it attacking France to the West before turning to the slower and more backwards Russia. After Russia’s mobilization, the plan involved storming through neutral Belgium for an all-out assault on France.
8. Russian armies were easily suppressed because they had come late to industrialization, were led by inept generals, and were composed of poor farmers and workers with little training.
9. Women grew in the labor force due to the lack of men back at home. Afterwards, Germany, the U.S, and the U.K. granted them the ability to vote. Leisure such as public smoking grew; there was more political activism and better wages. However, the labor force declined after the war.
10. At the outbreak of the war, only Austria-Hungary did not have colonies.
11. The purpose of German submarine warfare in WWI was to target supply convoys belonging to the British and the United States. One such attack was on the Lusitania in 1915. Not much is actually relayed in the book or site about this.
12. In 1916, the Western Front, trench warfare had killed off millions: 850,000 Germans, 700,000 French, and 400,000 British died in 1916.
13. The combatants on the Italian front were the Austrians and the Italians. The Italians later received British and French support, but Italy had already been thrown into turmoil.
14. 1914-1917 Eastern Front: Russians mobilized quickly, but were no match for the Germans. Nicholas II went to front, caused peasant revolts back home. In other words, Russia failed.
15. This is a very general question, so I will provide a very general answer. Globally, World War I included many countries that were colonized by the European powers or affected by them. The British and the French received enormous support from the White Dominions and major colonies, as well as temporary allies. Millions from many of the many countries died. After the war, the treaties and ideas presented would cause more turmoil, revolutions, and gains for independence.
16. Japan and America both profited, but Japan profited more in Asia from taking the German colonies.
17. The Ottoman Empire had supported the war since the fall of 1915. They helped the Germans in the Middle East successfully and tried to fight in southern Russia, which resulted in defeats. They also targeted the Armenians at the time.
18. The Balfour Declaration was the British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of a British settlement in Palestine in 1917.
19. In 1917, the peasantry of Russia was in major unrest. By February, Tsar Nicholas II was locked up and the Bolsheviks took over in October (November).
20. German forces sued for peace on November 11, 1918 (armistice)
21. The German generals installed a civilian government in Berlin before their defeat, allowing them to shift all the blame over to the new government.
22. The treaties ending the war were signed at Versailles.
23. I’m not sure what the provisions of the final set of treaties were, considering I don’t know what the final ones were. I will assume they were the Treaties of Versailles and of Paris. The Peace of Paris came with no contribution by the Germans. The Germans were not allowed to have anything to do with the treaties. Austria-Hungary was split up, Poland was reborn, and many wartime promises were forgotten.
24. An estimated 10 million died during WWI.
25. The Dinshawai incident was in Egypt during 1906. Some British soldiers had been hunting pigeons when a woman was killed. A riot started, and both sides lost many people. Afterwards, the British Empire stepped in and hung four villagers, and also flogging witnesses. This cause a wave of protest to arise to the foreign threat.
26. The British granted constitution to Egyptian nationalists in 1913.
27. The nationalist movement was much more peaceful in India due to Gandhi and the longer reign Britain had had. Also, Egypt got caught up with the problem of Palestine and the promises made to multiple sides. They had multiple rival parties for nationalism in comparison to the one India had.
28. Sa'd Zaghlul took up the cause of Egyptian national independence and decolonization.
29. British economic reforms mainly benefited foreign merchants, the political elite, a small bourgeoisie, and the ayan of the area.
30. Lord Cromer was the High Commissioner of Egypt after British conquest. He pushed for economic reforms that reduced some of the debt left behind by the khedives. He also pushed for reforms in the bureaucracy, construction of irrigation systems, and miscellaneous public works projects.
31. The two powers that colonized Egypt were the British and the Turks.
32. The Orabi revolt happened in 1882, led by Ahmad Orabi against Turkish influence in the Egyptian army. This revolt forced the khedives to call on the British army.
33. The emergence of nationalism had preceded European conquest in Egypt.
34. The decolonization movement in India was led by Tilak. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided educated Indians with opportunities to vote and serve in the Indian legislative councils.
35. Terrorists in India before WWI were most concentrated in secret societies that attacked British officials and government buildings.
36. The radical wing of the Congress Party proposed the restoration of traditional Hindu religiosity. (Such as opposition of education for women, raising the low marriage age, and turning Hindu festivals into political demonstrations.)
37. The first Indian leader with a genuine mass following was B. G. Tilak.
38. A large portion of the Indian government budget went to maintaining the large British army and to pay the salaries of British administrators.
39.By the late 19^th century, the Indian National Congress often appealed to elite centric issues early on, but later tried to get more Indians to join the nationalist cause.
40. The early Indian National Congress Party were more like study clubs; it was formed in 1885 and many British officials felt it would be a sort of forum where educated Indians could have their opinions heard, thus ending potential discontent and political protest.
41. Western educated Indians formed the Indian National Congress party in 1885.
42. World War I showed the colonies that the Western powers, who claimed to be able to rule the world, were uncivilized and were slaughtered in the barbaric trench stalemate of the Western front. Many times when British and French officers were recalled from the colonies, it put many Asian/African administrators in their post. Thus, they enjoyed true responsibility for the first time since their colonization.
43. Factors that made the colonial regimes vulnerable to internal challenges were the slaughter of the war, the betrayal of many war promises, and that doubt that European society dominated the rest of the world.
44. Most educated Africans were loyal to their British overlords. However, tensions started to arise when African villagers were forcibly conscripted, and farmers suffered from shipping shortages. African villagers refused to go hungry because their crops went to feeding the armies of their allies. Unkept promises by the British and French for reforms led to outbreaks of strikes and in some parts, even outright rebellion.