Ecliptic Times Chapter 27 Study Guide

This time thanks to Justin Vu. My half coming soon!

1. Both Russia and Japan defied the common trend of Western domination by instead achieving economic autonomy. They did so after dealing with Western interference and accepting advisers.
2. Japan had more political flexibility, and pulled away from East Asia through its reforms. Russia’s changes increased internal strain that would eventually lead to revolution. During this time, Russia also expanded in central Asia and Eastern Europe.
3. Both were able to achieve significant industrialization before 1914, but neither rivaled the might of the West.
4. Russia was afraid of Westernization due to France. More specifically, the French Revolution seemed too liberal, and Napoleon’s invasion in 1812 incited terror over defenses.
5. The conservative monarchies of Russia, Prussia, and Austria would unite in the Holy Alliance.
6. The Decembrist Uprising was in 1825, caused by a group of Western oriented army officers that were put down by Nicholas I.
7. Russia missed the revolts of 1830 and 1848 because of political repression. Due to the adamant conservatism that was caused by earlier revolts, Russia stayed in a different political orbit from the rest of the West.
8. Russia continued its tradition of territorial expansion for much of the empire’s lifespan. Many conflicts occurred over the Ottoman Empire. However, later conquests would focus on East Asia. Wars such as the Crimean War of 1853, the later Russian-Ottoman wars, and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904.
9. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russia’s economy was falling behind the West. This was due to its agricultural society based on serf labor.
10. The Crimean War would reveal some of the problems that Russia had been building during that time. The main problem was the weakness of their industry. This caused Alexander II to begin reforms that he felt would strengthen Russia.
11. Alexander II was a tsar that began two decades of reform. His largest change was the emancipation of the serfs in 1861. He also created the zemstvoes (local council groups), lessened punishments, and started the industrial revolution of Russia. However, he felt things were getting out of hand by the 1870s, and was eventually assassinated in 1881.
12. Serfdom was reformed because of new opinions in Russia. Some thought that free labor would produce more agriculture, and others wanted to end the abuse and uprisings of the peasantry.
13. The emancipation of the serfs was in 1861. The serfs retained most of the land they had worked on, but received no new rights. A larger labor force grew, but only more unrest came from it.
14. In the 1860s and 1870s, law codes cut back punishments, the zemstvoes were created, the Trans-Siberian railroad was built, and industrial sectors were stimulated. Printing, metallurgy, and textile factories increased. There was also a military reorganization, but lacked discipline due to old ways of thinking. Much of the industrialization was state funded.
15. While there is no specific first step listed, the Trans-Siberian railroad of the 1870s was one of the biggest stimulators of industrialization in the Russian economy.
16. Count Sergei Witte was the Minister of Finance in Russia from 1892 to 1903. He attempted to modernize the economy by enacting high tariffs, improving the banking system, and encouraging investors.
17. I’m not sure of any specific answer, so here are some general details about Russia after the industrialization efforts. Russia had gained a high economic rank in the world due to its size and large amounts of natural resources, not because of thorough mechanization.
18. By 1900, the Russian industrialization program was somewhat successful. Russia had risen in the world ranks due to its size and population. However, most of the industry was owned and operated by foreign countries, and Russian was piled with debts.
19. In the second half of the 19th century, growing unrest was due to the limitations of the reforms and the growing industrialization. Many minority groups felt compelled to speak out against the regime.
20. The goal of the Russian intelligentsia was to gain more freedoms. They were business professionals that were not very aggressive, but wanted greater freedoms and rights. With larger increases in schools and education, more of this group spoke out.
21. The anarchists were radicals who wanted to abolish all formal government. Its strength grew due to the high opposition to the tsars and their empire.
22. In order to achieve reform, early anarchists of the 1860s tried to rally the peasant masses. This usually did not go as they planned, and some turned to terrorism in the form of violence, assassinations, and bombings.
23. Russian Marxism was an import of the socialist ideas that Karl Marx had devised in the West. Lenin tweaked these ideas to work with Russian conditions, and organized disciplined cells to revolt.
24. Russian Marxism was that because of the spread of international capitalism, a proletariat was developing worldwide in advance of industrialization. Russia could have a proletariat movement without going through the middle-class phase, and disciplined revolutionary cells were the key.
25. The Bolsheviks were Lenin's group of Marxists.
26. Absence of legal political outlets
27. Russia lost, causing massive revolution movements in Russia.
28. Peasants gained greater freedom, could buy and sell land more freely; peasant revolts died down.
29. Stolypin was the interior minister who inroduced the reforms for the peasantry
30. The national parliament created to rule liberals; it lost much of its power later
31. The minority of aggressive entrepreneurs.
32. Landlord power, peasant unrest, and industrialization were all heavier in Russia.
33. Turgenev, Tolstoy, and Dostoevsky
34. Continued to combine central bureaucracy with semifuedal alliances between regional daimyos, samurai in early 19th C
35. The Dutch Studies
36. Perry forced Japan to open trade under threat of bombardment, finally ending their solitude.
37. Meiji began in 1686 with the victorious reform group
38. Japan's advantages over China were that it knew how to imitate, had a slower, stronger growing govt., and fuedal traditions limited govts. power.
39. During the Mejij state, Japan sent samurais abroad, abolished feudalism, set up prefects, and samurai gained business positions.
40. Russia: was getting there, but Japan: was industrializing at a much faster rate, setting it ahead.

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