Ecliptic Times Chapter 32 Study Guide 2

This one is thanks to Justin.
1. The 1956 Crisis was presumably the decision to nationalize the Suez Canal by Egypt. Britain and France attacked Egypt over this issue, but they were promptly stopped by the U.S. and Soviet Union.

2. Charles de Gaulle negotiated for Algeria’s independence in 1962.

3. The French relinquished Vietnam in 1954 following major defeats.

4. Winston Churchill used the phrase “iron curtain” to describe the division between Western and Eastern Europe.

5. The focal point of the C.W. immediately after WWII was Germany and the partitions done.

6. The member countries of the Eastern Bloc were Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary.

7. The Marshall Plan was created in 1947 by the U.S. to give loans to Western countries for the purpose of rebuilding. It was seen as a vehicle of U.S. dominance and anti-Communist movements.

8. U.S. opposition to Soviet aggression was based on the spread of communism and the struggle between that and U.S. economic ideals.

9. The NATO attitude toward U.S. protection was on varied accounts. On the one hand, the military and nuclear protection stationed around the world kept much of Europe safe from Soviet assault. However, France was put off by the Anglo-U.S. dominance, and withdrew from JOINT COMMAND after 1958. Many of the eastern countries were part of the Warsaw Pact instead.

10. U.S. military spending was stable from the 1950s to the 1980s. The spending increased afterwards, with the average spending the highest percentage of all countries after WWII.

11. Christian Democrats were a new current people wanting democratic institutions and moderate social reform.

12. The new governments in Europe post WWII were more democratic, discredited many rightist movements such as fascism, and brought new regimes and constitutions.

13. After WWII, Germany had new regimes that would split Germany. France, Britain, and the United States merged zones of occupation to become the Federal Republic of Germany, with a better constitution. The Soviet Union controlled the eastern portion, later called East Germany.

14. A welfare state increased many social measures that depended on government spending. This was instated in order to support the poor class and reduce economic inequality.

15. The welfare state brought a new definition of government functions, helped citizens against expenses, improved health, and increased government contact. It did not rearrange social structure, but initially won wide acceptance. However, it also greatly increased taxes and spending.

16. An increased government role in economic planning paralleled the welfare state, such as industrial nationalization and planning offices.

17. The book does not seem to specify, or the website. However, it says most European countries, so maybe it is the U.S.

18. The technocrat was a bureaucrat with intense training in engineering or economics, and was devoted to the power of national planning.

19. Student protests in Europe and the U.S. upset the pattern of political compromise in the 1960’s.

20. The Green movement took place in the 1970s and signaled a new political tone hostile to uncontrolled economic growth.

21. Margaret Thatcher in Britain and Ronald Reagan in the United States marked the returned of conservatism. They were members of the British Conservative and U.S. Republican parties respectively, and diminished the power of the welfare state.

22. West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands were the first members of the European Economic Community, which later was called the European Union and created a single economic entity. A bureaucracy was established in Brussels.

23. The European economy of the post 1950’s surpassed even the growth of the U.S. economy.

24. The peasantry was furthered affected by consumerism. Some earlier social conflicts were resolved, but some distinctions remained with the middle-class, and crime rates increased.

25. The rights received by women in the West in the later 20th century included more jobs and widely accepted suffrage. Divorces also increased, as well as birth control. Family goals became less important.

26. Simone de Beauvoir wrote The Second Sex, and promoted new ideas of feminism. The Feminine Mystique was written by Betty Freidan of the United States.

27. Western culture during the late 20th century often proceeded along established lines in science and modern art. Popular culture in music and fashion grew to new heights, and more creativity was shown.

28. The Eastern European nation that developed advanced industrialization was the Soviet Union.

29. By 1948, many border countries were under direct Social control. The three that weren’t were Albania, Greece, and Yugoslavia.

30. The policies of Soviet sponsored regimes in Eastern Europe centered around the attack on the church, mass education movements, more industrialization according to five-year plans, and a trade system in the Soviet and East European areas.

31. After Stalin, Soviet domination continued through a single party, police action, and a large alignment of diplomacy and military powers.

32. In 1956, collectivization in Poland was halted in favor of widespread peasant ownership. Also, the Catholic Church gained new tolerance. A new movement emerged called Solidarity.

33. Under Stalin’s regime, the Orthodox Church was at war with the government. By the 1950s, only the elderly seemed to still go to church.

34. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote The Gulag Archipelago, a trilogy of books on Siberian prison camps that got him exiled to the United States.

35. Typical aspects of the Soviet economy included being fully industrial, having few consumer goods, and bad agriculture. Later on, the lack of consumer goods led to more alcoholism and less work output.

36.The sources of pressure on the Soviet family came from industrialization, and caused more people to move to the cities, as well as focus upon nuclear family units.

37. The industrialized Soviet Union resembled the West in the similar work rhythms and outings for leisure.

38. By the 1970’s, the Russian rate of population growth was as stable as the West.

39. Most women in Russian industrialized society worked for a living, and had more equality. However, many were not helped by their husbands at home and their jobs were demanding.

40. After Stalin’s death, a ruling committee was established that balanced interest groups, such as the army, the police, and the Party apparatus.

41. Nikita Khrushchev took central power in 1956 over the Soviet Union.

42. Soviet successes under Khrushchev included less political trials and police repression, as well as highly increased economic growth. More competition grew in categories such as the space race and the Olympics.

43. The Soviet military steadily built and competed against the U.S. Later, Mikhail Gorbachev wanted more Western reforms and change in social and economic means.